Dokaz gena za toksine i antibiogram izolata bakterije Escherichia coli iz ovčjeg mesa na indijskom tržištu

Isolates (49) of Escherichia coli were isolated from 100 samples of mutton collected from dressed sheep carcasses by excision method. The isolates were typed into 12 different ‘O’ serogroups. The most frequent serovar isolated was O101, followed by O152, O76, O23, O139, O88, O110, O126, O8, O9, O15 and O133; two isolates were untypable while one was rough. All the isolates of Escherichia coli were screened for the presence of VT1, VT2, LT and ST genes by PCR and in vitro antibiotic resistance pattern. Nine (60.0%) and six (40.0%) isolates were found positive for VT1 and VT2 genes, respectively. Five (33.33%) were found positive for both the VT1 and VT2 genes. Four (26.67%) isolates were positive for LT gene, whereas only one (6.67%) isolate was found positive for ST gene. The percentage of isolates resistant to antibacterial agents was recorded as follows: sulphadiazine (93.33%), cephaloridine (80.00%), cephalexin (33.33%), penicillin G, ceftiofur and norfloxacin, carbenicillin and enrofloxacin (26.67% each), and oxytetracycline and amoxycillin (20.00% each).Ukupno je 49 izolata bakterije Escherichia coli bilo izdvojeno iz 100 uzoraka mesa uzetih ekscizijom iz obrađenih ovčjih trupova. Izolati su bili tipizirani i svrstani u 12 različitih seroloških skupina O. Najčešće je bio izdvojen serovar O101, a zatim serovarovi O152, O76, O23, O139, O88, O110, O126, O8, O9, O15 i O133. Dva izolata ostala su netipizirana, a jedan je bio s hrapavim kolonijama. Svi su izolati bili pretraženi lančanom reakcijom polimerazom na prisutnost gena VT1, VT2, LT i ST te im je in vitro određena osjetljivost prema antimikrobnim tvarima. Devet (60,0%) izolata bilo je pozitivno za gen VT1, a šest (40,0%) za VT2. Pet (33,33%) ih je bilo pozitivnih za oba gena, VT1 i VT2. Četiri izolata (26,67%) bila su pozitivna za gen LT, dok je samo jedan (6,67%) bio pozitivan za gen ST. Na sulfadiazin je bilo otporno 93,33% izolata, na cefaloridin 80,00%, na cefaleksin 33,33%, na penicilin G, ceftiofur, norfloksacin, karbenicilin i enrofloksacin 26,67% te na oksitetraciklin i amoksicilin 20,00% izolat

Dokaz gena za toksine i antibiogram izolata bakterije Escherichia coli iz ovčjeg mesa na indijskom tržištu

Isolates (49) of Escherichia coli were isolated from 100 samples of mutton collected from dressed sheep carcasses by excision method. The isolates were typed into 12 different ‘O’ serogroups. The most frequent serovar isolated was O101, followed by O152, O76, O23, O139, O88, O110, O126, O8, O9, O15 and O133; two isolates were untypable while one was rough. All the isolates of Escherichia coli were screened for the presence of VT1, VT2, LT and ST genes by PCR and in vitro antibiotic resistance pattern. Nine (60.0%) and six (40.0%) isolates were found positive for VT1 and VT2 genes, respectively. Five (33.33%) were found positive for both the VT1 and VT2 genes. Four (26.67%) isolates were positive for LT gene, whereas only one (6.67%) isolate was found positive for ST gene. The percentage of isolates resistant to antibacterial agents was recorded as follows: sulphadiazine (93.33%), cephaloridine (80.00%), cephalexin (33.33%), penicillin G, ceftiofur and norfloxacin, carbenicillin and enrofloxacin (26.67% each), and oxytetracycline and amoxycillin (20.00% each).Ukupno je 49 izolata bakterije Escherichia coli bilo izdvojeno iz 100 uzoraka mesa uzetih ekscizijom iz obrađenih ovčjih trupova. Izolati su bili tipizirani i svrstani u 12 različitih seroloških skupina O. Najčešće je bio izdvojen serovar O101, a zatim serovarovi O152, O76, O23, O139, O88, O110, O126, O8, O9, O15 i O133. Dva izolata ostala su netipizirana, a jedan je bio s hrapavim kolonijama. Svi su izolati bili pretraženi lančanom reakcijom polimerazom na prisutnost gena VT1, VT2, LT i ST te im je in vitro određena osjetljivost prema antimikrobnim tvarima. Devet (60,0%) izolata bilo je pozitivno za gen VT1, a šest (40,0%) za VT2. Pet (33,33%) ih je bilo pozitivnih za oba gena, VT1 i VT2. Četiri izolata (26,67%) bila su pozitivna za gen LT, dok je samo jedan (6,67%) bio pozitivan za gen ST. Na sulfadiazin je bilo otporno 93,33% izolata, na cefaloridin 80,00%, na cefaleksin 33,33%, na penicilin G, ceftiofur, norfloksacin, karbenicilin i enrofloksacin 26,67% te na oksitetraciklin i amoksicilin 20,00% izolat

Detection of regional DNA methylation using DNA-graphene affinity interactions

We report a new multiplexed strategy for the electrochemical detection of regional DNA methylation across multiple regions. Using the sequence dependent affinity of bisulfite treated DNA towards gold surfaces, the method integrates the high sensitivity of a micro-fabricated multiplex device comprising a microarray of gold electrodes, with the powerful multiplexing capability of multiplex-PCR. The synergy of this combination enables the monitoring of the methylation changes across several genomic regions simultaneously from as low as 500 pg μl(-1) of DNA with no sequencing requirement

A Versatile Sacrificial Layer for Transfer Printing of Wide Bandgap Materials for Implantable and Stretchable Bioelectronics

Improving and optimizing the processes for transfer printing have the potential to further enhance capabilities in heterogeneous integration of various sensing materials on unconventional substrates for implantable and stretchable electronic devices in biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. An advanced transfer printing method based on sacrificial layer engineering for silicon carbide materials in stretchable electronic devices is presented here. In contrast to the typical processes where defined anchor structures are required for the transfer step, the use of a sacrificial layer offers enhances versatility in releasing complex microstructures from rigid donor substrates to flexible receiver platforms. The sacrificial layer also minimizes twisting and wrinkling issues that may occur in free- standing microstructures, thereby facilitating printing onto flat polymer surfaces (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane). The experimental results demonstrate that transferred SiC microstructures exhibit good stretchability, stable electrical properties, excellent biocompatibility, as well as promising sensing- functions associated with a high level of structural perfection, without any cracks or tears. This transfer printing method can be applied to other classes of wide bandgap semiconductors, particularly group III- nitrides and diamond films epitaxially grown on Si substrates, thereby serving as the foundation for the development and possible commercialization of implantable and stretchable bioelectronic devices that exploit wide bandgap materials.Employing a dissolvable film as a supporting layer for the fabrication of free- standing silicon carbide microstructures, the present work eliminates the wrinkling and twisting phenomena associated with nanomembranes grown at high temperatures. This technique enables transfer- printing of diverse microstructures of wide band gap semiconductors onto a soft substrate, creating a new class of stretchable electronics for biosensing and implanting applications.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163418/3/adfm202004655_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163418/2/adfm202004655.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163418/1/adfm202004655-sup-0001-SuppMat.pd

Biofuel production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade-offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale

Biofuel production from feedstocks grown on wastelands is considered a means of addressing concerns about climate change and improving energy security while at the same time providing an additional source of income for the land users. The establishment of biomass plantations on wastelands is likely to affect local livelihoods and can affect surrounding ecosystems by infl uencing hydrologic fl ows and processes such as erosion. We present an assessment of Jatropha plantation establishment on wastelands, using the ArcSWAT modeling tool. The assessment was made for a wasteland located in the Velchal watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India, which recently was converted to a biofuel plantation with Jatropha. The previous land use, in this case grazing, could continue in the Jatropha plantations. Several desirable effects occurred as a result of the land-use conversion: non-productive soil evaporation was reduced as a larger share of the rainfall was channeled to productive plant transpiration and groundwater recharge, and at the same time a more stable (less erosive) runoff resulted in reduced soil erosion and improved downstream water conditions. A win-win situation between improved land productivity and soil carbon content was observed for the Jatropha plantations. On the other hand, the results indicate that at the sub-basin scale, reductions in runoff generation as a result of large-scale conversion of wastelands to Jatropha cropping may pose problems to downstream water users and ecosystems. From a livelihoods perspective, Jatropha production was generally positive, creating a complementary source of income to the farmers, thus strengthening the resilience of the local community. In the future, the potential gain from Jatropha cropping is expected to increase as cropping systems improve and growing biofuel markets result in better conditions for biofuel producers

Soil conservation issues in India

Despite years of study and substantial investment in remediation and prevention, soil erosion continues to be a major environmental problem with regard to land use in India and elsewhere around the world. Furthermore, changing climate and/or weather patterns are exacerbating the problem. Our objective was to review past and current soil conservation programmes in India to better understand how production-, environmental-, social-, economic- and policy-related issues have affected soil and water conservation and the incentives needed to address the most critical problems. We found that to achieve success in soil and water conservation policies, institutions and operations must be co-ordinated using a holistic approach. Watershed programmes have been shown to be one of the most effective strategies for bringing socio-economic change to different parts of India. Within both dryland and rainfed areas, watershed management has quietly revolutionized agriculture by aligning various sectors through technological soil and water conservation interventions and land-use diversification. Significant results associated with various watershed-scale soil and water conservation programmes and interventions that were effective for reducing land degradation and improving productivity in different parts of the country are discussed

Interference of drugs on clinical chemistry- shall we start thinking?

Clinical chemistry is emerging area in the field of clinical medicine which deals with the estimation of different analytes from body fluids. Different drugs interfere with the estimation of these analyte. The interference can be either physiological or analytical. Out of many analytes the most commonly estimated analyte are glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Small changes in these analytes also might give misleading information to the clinician. Though the clinicians will be aware of the major side effects of the drug, minor physiological effect might be overlooked also the analytical procedure and the effect of drug in different analytes. Hence, it is necessary for laboratory to inform clinicians regarding the possible effects of drugs on analytes

A new minimally invasive tubular brain retractor system for surgery of deep intracerebral hematoma

Access to deep-seated brain lesions with traditional fixed and rigid brain retractors can be difficult without causing significant trauma to the surrounding brain. Tubular retractors offer an advantage of low retracting pressure. We developed a new inexpensive and simple tubular retractor which requires very small cortisectomy. The new tubular retractor was made up of silicone with inner diameter of 15, 18 and 23 mm and outer diameter of 17, 20 and 25 mm, respectively. This tube (1 mm thick) was cut in longitudinal direction. It was folded to make a small-diameter tube so that it could be introduced through a small cortisectomy. Margins of cortisectomy were gently and slowly retracted by Killian nasal speculum. Folded retractor, held by tissue forceps, was introduced inside the opened Killian nasal speculum. Tissue forceps and nasal speculum were removed leaving tubular retractor in place, which comes back to its normal tubular configuration after release. Surgery was performed using rigid Karl Storz 0° telescope (30 cm long and 4 mm in diameter) or microscope. Near-total removals of intracerebral hematomas, 37 hypertensive and 3 traumatic, was done using this retractor without any complication